The flame test carried out on a copper halide. Note the characteristic bluish-green color of the flame due to the copper.
Different flame types of Bunsen Burner depending on air flow through the valve:
1. air valve closed
2. air valve nearly fully closed
3. air valve semi-opened
4. air valve maximally opened.
Gas flame

A flame test is a procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. The color of flames in general also depends on temperature; see flame color.

The test involves introducing a sample of the element or compound to a hot, non-luminous flame, and observing the color that results. Samples are usually held on a platinum wire cleaned repeatedly with hydrochloric acid to remove traces of previous analytes.[1] Different flames should be tried to avoid wrong data due to "contaminated" flames, or occasionally to verify the accuracy of the color. In high-school chemistry courses, wooden splints are never used, mostly because solutions can be dried onto them, and they are expensive. Nichrome wire is also sometimes used.[1] When using a splint, one must be careful to wave the splint through the flame rather than holding it in the flame for extended periods, to avoid setting the splint itself on fire. The use of cotton swab[2] or melamine foam (eraser)[3] as a support have also been suggested. Sodium is a common component or contaminant in many compounds and its spectrum tends to dominate over others. The test flame is often viewed through cobalt blue glass to filter out the yellow of sodium and allow for easier viewing of other metal ions.

The flame test is fast and easy to perform, and does not require any equipment not usually found in a chemistry laboratory. However, the range of detected elements is small, and the test relies on the subjective experience of the experimenter rather than any objective measurements. The test has difficulty detecting small concentrations of some elements, while too strong a result may be produced for certain others, which tends to drown out weaker signals.

Although the flame test only gives qualitative information, not quantitative data about the actual proportion of elements in the sample, quantitative data can be obtained by the related techniques of flame photometry or flame emission spectroscopy. Flame Atomic absorption spectroscopy Instruments, made by e.g. PerkinElmer or Shimadzu, can be operated in emission mode according to the instrument manuals.[4]

Contents

Common elements[edit]

Some common elements and their corresponding colors are:

Symbol Name Color Image
As Arsenic Blue FlammenfärbungAs.jpg
B Boron Bright green FlammenfärbungB.png
Ba Barium Pale/Apple green
Ca Calcium Brick red FlammenfärbungCa.png
Cs Caesium Blue-Violet
Cu(I) Copper(I) Blue
Cu(II) Copper(II) (non-halide) Green Flame test on copper sulfate
Cu(II) Copper(II) (halide) Blue-green
Fe Iron Gold
In Indium Blue
K Potassium Violet FlammenfärbungK.png
Li Lithium Red FlammenfärbungLi.png
Mn (II) Manganese (II) Yellowish green
Mg Magnesium Bright white
Mo Molybdenum Yellowish green
Na Sodium Intense yellow Flametest--Na.swn.jpg
P Phosphorus Pale bluish green
Pb Lead Blue/White FlammenfärbungPb.png
Rb Rubidium Red-violet
Sb Antimony Pale green FlammenfärbungSb.png
Se Selenium Azure blue
Sr Strontium Red FlammenfärbungSr.png
Te Tellurium Pale green
Tl Thallium Pure green
Zn Zinc Bluish green Zinc burning.JPG

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Jim Clark (2005). "Flame Tests". Chemguide. 
  2. ^ Simple Flame Test Techniques Using Cotton Swabs Sanger, Michael J.; Phelps, Amy J. J. Chem. Educ. 2004 81 969. Link
  3. ^ "Magic Eraser" Flame Tests Landis, Arthur M.; Davies, Malonne I.; Landis, Linda. J. Chem. Educ. 2009, 86, 577. Link
  4. ^ Atomic Absorption (AA) | PerkinElmer

External links[edit]